Key Points

• 3P is a methodology intended to improve quality throughout all production.
• By focusing on these three key elements, you can reduce defects found in deliverables.
• This is a comprehensive approach to quality management, focusing on important elements in any organization.

Quality management should be a holistic approach. Process, product, and people are the three key elements of a company’s quality system and all of them need to be focused on for an overall improvement in performance.

Why It Matters

So, why consider this approach for your quality management? While there are many approaches to quality management, 3P takes a closer look at the constituent elements that you’ll focus on as a matter of process improvement. By taking a fine toothcomb to these three elements, you’re increasing the odds of your deliverables meeting your customer’s demands.

Process

Process audits and statistical process control are two important tools that practitioners can use for process monitoring. Audits are good tools for monitoring a system and following up with corrective actions in deficient areas. The ISO 9000 quality management audit and the ISO 22000 food safety audits are beneficial tools; however, these audits are broad-based and may not provide the required depth of sampling for close process monitoring.

A process audit that focuses on the actual company process and covers all areas of a company’s operations is a better diagnostic tool to assess the health of the company’s processes. Figure 1 shows a process audit sample from a company that has a large presence in an emerging market.

By doing audits on a periodic basis, any gaps in the process will be uncovered and successfully closed to improve the process.

Statistical process control is another useful tool to monitor the performance of a process. With this method, practitioners plot and study the average values (X) or range (R) values. Stable processes vary within control limits, which are based on past performance, in a set pattern.

Process variation with respect to the product or service specification is monitored through two process capability indices, Cp and Cpk.

Cp gives the process variation concerning the specification limits, which represent the area of acceptable performance, based on the formula,

For a stable process, Cp is greater than or equal to 2.

Cpk indicates the process variation concerning control limits as well as the target value, and is denoted by the formula,

For a stable process, Cpk is greater than or equal to 1.33.

Figures 2 and 3 show the average and range charts with Cp and Cpk values for the salt content in a product manufactured by the company. The values for both Cp and Cpk are lower than the target (Table 1), indicating the process needs to be further improved.

Product

Of course, monitoring product quality is important, especially when the product is consumed. A robust system should have product inspection mechanisms to address the following requirements:

1. The evaluation is completed based on customer and international standards.
2. The customer requirements are constantly monitored and product quality is updated based on feedback.
3. Customer complaints and nonconformance are addressed in a systematic manner using Six Sigma to identify root causes and corrective actions.

Companies should engage in revising product specifications continually based on customer and market requirements.

Design of experiments (DOE) is a particularly useful tool in improving product quality. The following example is an illustration of the application of the tool.

Situation: Product A is a food colorant and an additive that the company manufactured by the controlled heating of raw food material in the presence of a catalyst. The color of the product was the key quality parameter and needed to be maintained within a specification range.

Problem: The main issue was found to be a reproduction of the color value. The specification was 20 to 21 color units. About 20 percent of the batches had either less or more than this specification. Another batch was made and the two batches were mixed to meet the specification. This led to delays in production as well as quality costs due to rejections.

Objective of DOE: To vary the two critical input parameters – catalyst quantity and time of reaction – to arrive at the optimum conditions.

DOE Study: This was a two-factorial experiment with catalyst quantity and time at two levels, high and low. Four experiments were performed and practitioners studied the output–color value (Table 2). Practitioners found the product met the target when the catalyst and time were at the lower levels.

People

People are an important part of the quality system. They need to be assessed and trained on the latest requirements of process and product quality as required by the customers and market. People alignment and development for job efficiency can be done in a systematic way through evaluating workers’ skills, training to fill the identified gaps, and empowering employees.

Skills Matrix

Identify the skills required for a job. The skills need to be categorized as technical and managerial. A matrix can be developed as shown in Figure 4.

*Red indicates areas that require improvement

Competency Training

Using the matrix, it is possible to determine what competency training needs to be organized. It can be done internally or externally and should be a time-bound program. Assessment of skills should be done on a periodic basis to measure improvement and see if any retraining is required.

Empowerment

The people assigned to a job must be fully empowered – they must have the authority to carry out the assigned responsibility.

Other Useful Tools and Concepts

Looking for other ways to bolster your organization? Understanding PDSA and PDCA is a great way to harness the power of these methodologies toward your process improvement. While similar at first glance, there are some notable differences between both methodologies.

Further, you might need to understand the importance of the Process Sign-Off. This document serves as a safeguard for your organization when completing different phases of a project, while also making sure you’re hitting milestones.

Using the 3P Approach Successfully

One large manufacturing plant that utilized these principles between 2006 and 2007 was able to reduce customer rejection rates by more than 40 percent and implement an employee succession planning process in the quality department.

When properly used, this approach for focusing on the three key areas of quality management – process, product, and people – will help companies move toward Six Sigma quality with fewer defects and more satisfied customers.