Ken Feldman

Several statistical tests have underlying assumptions of a specific type of distribution which is required for the test results to be valid. But what if your data distribution does not meet that assumption? A non-parametric test might help. There are several hypothesis tests which assume your data has a specific distribution. For example, a 2-sample […]

A paired t-test is a form of a two-sample t-test used in hypothesis testing. It is useful for answering questions about any significant differences for before and after comparisons. 

If you have categorical or descriptive data that has a natural order, sequence, or preference, it would be defined as ordinal data. Since ordinal data is one of four common types of data, you should understand what it is and how you can use it.

An outlier in the context of statistics means a value in your data set is significantly different from the other values. This might be a good or bad thing depending on the situation.

Companies love their batch flow processes. But, a one-piece flow might be a more efficient approach to producing your products. Let’s learn a bit more about one-piece flow.

Correlation is a statistical term of the relationship between two variables. You can have a negative correlation, positive correlation, or no correlation. Let’s see what a positive correlation is all about.

When you have categorical data with a natural order or preference, you can call that ordinal data. When you describe data, you must first distinguish whether you are talking about numerical or categorical data. This is important for the proper selection and use of statistical and analytical tools. Categorical data is a type of data that […]

Linearity is usually discussed in the context of Measurement System Analysis. It is a measure of the consistency of the bias of your measurement system.

Sometimes your data isn’t a normal distribution. Sometimes, the curve is taller or shorter than the normal distribution. Is that a problem? We can answer that question by learning a little bit more about kurtosis and the leptokurtic distribution.

Lean manufacturing seeks to get rid of the extra fat and waste in your process while seeking to build muscle in your production processes. Let’s see how.

If you are trying to predict the outcome of a dependent variable by analyzing the relationship with several independent variables, then multiple regression may be your statistical tool of choice. Let’s examine multiple regression in more detail. Multiple regression is a statistical technique that allows you to analyze the relationship between a dependent variable and […]

The Toyota Production System, was developed around the elimination of the three types of deviations that represent the inefficient allocation of resources. The three types of deviations are muda, mura, and muri. Muda deals with waste and is often defined by the 7 wastes of lean. Mura is concerned with inconsistency and variation and may […]

What do your customers really want? You are taking a risk by blindly fulfilling your customers’ needs without understanding how they classify them. Kano analysis will allow you to properly classify those customer needs and lower your risk.

In a box plot, it is easy to see the range of where 50% of your data lies. Let’s examine this a little further by describing the interquartile range. Quartiles can be defined as dividing your data into 4 parts or quarters of approximately equal size. You can define the 4 parts in terms of […]

Hypothesis testing is a branch of statistics in which, using data from a sample, an inference is made about a population parameter or a population probability distribution.

Have you ever had to shut down your manufacturing line because major components haven’t arrived from your supplier? Have you ever had to rent extra warehouses for your finished goods? Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing would prevent that from happening. Let’s see how that works.

If your organization is too impatient to use a formal DMAIC approach to continuous improvement then Kaizen may be the tool for you. 

In-control is not referring to the behavior of your children. It’s about whether your process is exhibiting common or special cause variation. Let’s explore how this works.

Does your organization just focus on today’s operational and tactical issues, or is there a process for developing a strategic plan for the future? Hoshin Kanri is a method for ensuring an organization’s strategic goals drive progress and action at every level within that organization. 

Will having a Lean Six Sigma Green Belt help you break boards? No. But a trained and experienced Green Belt will help improve what your organization does so you can defeat waste, process defects, and much more. Let’s see how.

Are all your organization’s problems and issues of equal importance? Probably not. How should you handle those that are the most critical and important? Let’s find out. A Key Business Issue (KBI) refers to a critical problem or challenge that your organization faces, which can significantly impact your performance, growth, or competitiveness. KBIs are specific […]

Now that you have brainstormed and gathered a list of random ideas, how do you make sense of them? KJ is a tool for helping you establish the themes and relationships between your ideas. 

STOP THE PRESSES! Jidoka will immediately stop equipment upon discovering an abnormality in the process. Let’s explore this a little deeper.

The word factor, in the context of Design of Experiments (DOE), has several other names. Let’s learn more about what a factor is and how it is used in DOE. One of the most common formulas in statistics is Y = f(X) which states that Y is a function of X. If you define Y […]